`%I I0 @@@ @@@@D" =WII@ EN DB IP     & . 67qSc eG i  " w Anderson1993 Arvidsson1988Astrahan19929! Beravs1999" Beravs2000#Blumgart1999$Blumgart2000 Bolden1999Borrelli1990 Bowman19944# Brennan1999 Cain19901  Cance2000 Cao2001 Cetas1990 Chen1990 Chou1973 Chowdhury1973Corthout1996D2001D2001 Dadd1996Delhomme1994$DeMatteo2000! Demsar19999" Demsar20000 Dewey1984 Dewey1990 Dittmar1994 EJ20011 FDA1998# Fong1999$ Fong20002# Fortner1999 Foster1986! Frangez1999" Frangez2000G2001 Gabriel1996 Gabriel1996 Gabriel1996 Gabriel1996 Gabriel1996 Gabriel1996 Ge19919! Gerkis19999 Gores1995Greenlee2001 Grill1994 Haemmerich2001 Haglund1988 Hill-Harmon2001 Iritani1993 J-Z2001$Jarnagin2000 JG20011 JG2001 Jouvet19944 Kimura19939 Kinouchi1993 Komaki19933 Konishi1993 Kress1987 Landis1999 Lau1996 Lau1996 Liang1991 Menck2000 Miller1990 Monden19933 Morimoto1993Mortimer1994 Murray1999 Murray2001 Newman19949 Ozkan2001 Petrovich1992 Platt1996 Roemer1987 Roemer1990 Rosenberg1997  Rosser1995 Roussel1994 Ryan1996S2001S2001Sapareto1984 Shrivastava1992 Smith1986  Song1984 ST2001 Staelin2001 Stewart2000 Stuchly1985 Stuchly1991# Sun1999Surowiec1985Surowiec1991Surowiec1992Svensson19888 Swarup19855 Swarup1991T2001 Tanabe1999Thompson1990 Thun20010 Tsai20011Tungjitkusolmun2001 Uyama1993 Valvano1993 VR20011 Wang19911$ Weber2000 Webster2001 Wingo1999 Wolf19868  Yoon1999 Yuan1993 Zhang1991 Zhang19913 Zhang1991 Zhang1991    AuthorskJournals Keywords                                pI kAnderson, G. T. Arvidsson, D. Astrahan, M. Beravs, K.Blumgart, L. H.Blumgart, L.H. Bolden, S.Borrelli, M. J. Bowman, H. F.Brennan, M. F. Cain, C. A. Cance, W.G. Cao, H Cetas, T. C. Chen, Z. P. Chou, A.C.Chowdhury, T.K.85Communication, FDA Office of Science Coordination and Corthout, E. D, Haemmerich D, Mahvi Dadd, J.S. Delhomme, G.DeMatteo, R.P. Demsar, F. Devita, VT. Dewey, W. C. Dittmar, A. Eichler, J. EJ, WooFDA Fong, Y. Fong, Y.M. Fortner, J. Foster, K.R. Frangez, R. G, Leverson Gabriel, C. Gabriel, S. Ge, X. S. Gerkis, A. N. Gores, G.J.Greenlee, R. T. Grill, W.M. Haemmerich, D Haglund, U.Hill-Harmon, M. B. Iritani, T. J-Z, TsaiJarnagin, W.R. JG, Webster Jouvet, M. Kimura, S. Kinouchi, Y. Komaki, K. Konishi, Y. Kress, R. Landis, S. H. Lau, R.W. Lenz, H. Liang, X. G. Menck, H.R. Miller, W. H. Monden, Y. Morimoto, T.Mortimer, J.T. Murray, T. Newman, W. H. Ozkan, OR Petrovich, Z. Platt, R. Roemer, R. Roemer, R. B.Rosenberg, SA. Rosser, B.G. Roussel, B. Ryan, T.P.S, TungjitkusolmunSapareto, S. A.Shrivastava, P. N. Smith, S.R. Song, C. W. ST, Staelin Staelin, ST Stewart, A.K. Stuchly, S.S. Sun, R. L. Surowiec, A. Svensson, H. Swarup, A. T, Warner Tanabe, K.K.Thompson, L. L. Thun, M. Tsai, J-ZTungjitkusolmun, S Uyama, T.Valvano, J. W. VR, Vorperian Wang, G. J. Weber, S.M. Webster, JG Wingo, P. A. Wolf, G.L. Yoon, S.S. Yuan, D. Y. Zhang, Y. P.  @ Am J Physiol Ann Surg$ Annals of Biomedical Engineering Annals of Surgical OncologyBioelectromagnetics(#Biomedical Sciences InstrumentationCA Cancer J Clin Cancer Cancer Res CryobiologyGastroenterology0+IEEE Transactions on Biomedical EngineeringInt J Hyperthermia Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys@:International Journal of Hyperthermia Int. J. Hyperthermia J Biomech Eng$ Journal of Investigative Surgery,(Journal of the National Cancer InstituteMagn Reson Med Oncologist. Physics in Medicine & Biology   o$*Adipose Tissue/ph [Physiology]*Biocompatible Materials*Blood Circulation*Blood Flow Velocity$!*Body Temperature/ph [Physiology]$*Bone and Bones/ph [Physiology]*Brain/ph [Physiology]ysi,&*Breast Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology],&*Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/su [Surgery]*Cell Survival *Cerebrovascular Circulation*Computer Simulation *Cryosurgery*Electric Conductivity0**Electrodes,Implanted/ae [Adverse Effects]*Electrophysiologyses$*Electrophysiology/mt [Methods]("*Fibrosarcoma/pp [Physiopathology]($*Foreign-Body Reaction/et [Etiology]0+*Foreign-Body Reaction/pp [Physiopathology] *Freezing*Heat("*Hemorheology/is [Instrumentation]*Hyperthermia, Induced *Liver*Liver Circulation82*Liver Neoplasms,Experimental/pp [Physiopathology] *Liver Neoplasms/su [Surgery]*Liver/bs [Blood Supply]*Liver/pa [Pathology]*Liver/ph [Physiology]ysi($*Lung Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology]*Microcomputers*Models, Cardiovascular*Models, Structural$ *Muscle,Skeletal/ph [Physiology] *Muscles*Postmortem Changes*Regional Blood Flow($*Skin Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology]e *Temperaturee*Thermal Conductivity*Thermodynamics *Thermometers 56-49-5 (Methylcholanthrene)t9007-34-5 (Collagen)Adipose Tissue$Adipose Tissue/ph [Physiology]administration & dosage AdolescenceAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAged,80 and overAmerican Cancer Society analysis Animal5 (Antineoplastic AgentsARTERIAL FLOXURIDINE Biophysics("Blacks/statistics & numerical dataBladder/ph [Physiology]BloodBlood CirculationBlood PhysiologyBlood PressureBlood/ph [Physiology]Body Temperature$Bone and Bones/ph [Physiology] Brain Mapping/instrumentation$Brain/*drug effects/physiologyBrain/anatomy & histologyBrain/ph [Physiology]$Breast Neoplasms/di [Diagnosis] Calibration CANCER CARCINOMA,'Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/mo [Mortality](%Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/th [Therapy]Cartilage/ph [Physiology]Catheter AblationCats CattleCaucasoid Race Cell Death Cell Line Cell Membrane/ph [Physiology] Cell SurvivalChildChild, PreschoolChronic DiseaseCollagen/ph [Physiology] colorectal hepatic metastasesColorectal Neoplasms,)Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality/*pathologyCombined Modality TherapyComparative Study complications Cryosurgery CryotherapyDatabases,Factual DETERMINANTS diagnosisDogs drug therapyElectric ConductivityElectric Impedanceh [Electric Stimulation Electrodes84Electroencephalography/drug effects/*instrumentationElectromagnetic Fields      # 10493478 2303 1999 SepClinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases 309-18; discussion 318-21evpOBJECTIVE: There is a need for clearly defined and widely applicable clinical criteria for the selection of patients who may benefit from hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. Such criteria would also be useful for stratification of patients in clinical trials for this disease. METHODS: Clinical, pathologic, and outcome data for 1001 consecutive patients undergoing liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer between July 1985 and October 1998 were examined. These resections included 237 trisegmentectomies, 394 lobectomies, and 370 resections encompassing less than a lobe. The surgical mortality rate was 2.8%. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate was 37%, and the 10-year survival rate was 22%. Seven factors were found to be significant and independent predictors of poor long-term outcome by multivariate analysis: positive margin (p = 0.004), extrahepatic disease (p = 0.003), node-positive primary (p = 0.02), disease-free interval from primary to metastases <12 months (p = 0.03), number of hepatic tumors >1 (p = 0.0004), largest hepatic tumor >5 cm (p = 0.01), and carcinoembryonic antigen level >200 ng/ml (p = 0.01). When the last five of these criteria were used in a preoperative scoring system, assigning one point for each criterion, the total score was highly predictive of outcome (p < 0.0001). No patient with a score of 5 was a long-term survivor. CONCLUSION: Resection of hepatic colorectal metastases may produce long-term survival and cure. Long-term outcome can be predicted from five criteria that are readily available for all patients considered for resection. Patients with up to two criteria can have a favorable outcome. Patients with three, four, or five criteria should be considered for experimental adjuvant trials. Studies of preoperative staging techniques or of adjuvant therapies should consider using such a score for stratification of patients.'yHepatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York 10021, USA.D>Fong, Y. Fortner, J. Sun, R. L. Brennan, M. F. Blumgart, L. H. 0003-4932 Journal ArticleAnn SurgVOAdult Aged Aged, 80 and over Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality/*pathology Female Human Liver Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*secondary/*surgery Male Middle Age Multivariate Analysis Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/*epidemiology Patient Selection Predictive Value of Tests Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Survival Rate Time Factors Treatment Outcomelehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10493478$Gabriel,S. Lau,R.W. Gabriel,C. 1996nhThe dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz$Physics in Medicine & Biology4111 2251-226911/1996Permittivity and Conductivity across frequency sweep. Includes liver. Multiple species have similar resulst excpet at very low end.\ 553eF@*Electric Conductivity *Electrophysiology/mt [Methods] Adipose Tissue/ph [Physiology] Animal Bladder/ph [Physiology] Body Temperature Bone and Bones/ph [Physiology] Brain/ph [Physiology] Cartilage/ph [Physiology] Female Heart/ph [Physiology] Human Kidney/ph [Physiology] Liver/ph [Physiology] Lung/ph [Physiology] Male Muscles/ph [Physiology] Ovary/ph [Physiology] Sheep Skin Physiology Skin/ph [Physiology] Spleen/ph [Physiology] Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Swine Temperature Testis/ph [Physiology] Thyroid Gland/ph [Physiology] Tongue/ph [Physiology] Uterus/ph [Physiology]B7DB - MEDLINE UI - 97092360 IN - Physics Department, King's College, Strand, London, UK JC - p6j, 0401220 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - England PT - Journal Article LG - English EM - 199703 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199703 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0031-9155dHAhttp://www.iop.org/EJ3-Links/76/A2raO5ydKRUGLxKLqar+Eg/m61102.pdff(!Gabriel,C. Gabriel,S. Corthout,E. 1996`YThe dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey. [Review] [64 refs]r$Physics in Medicine & Biologya4111 2231-2249t11/1996i>8Review of permittivity and conductivity. Includes liver. 554 *Bone and Bones/ph [Physiology] *Electric Conductivity *Electrophysiology Adipose Tissue/ph [Physiology] analysis Animal Blood Physiology Blood/ph [Physiology] Brain/ph [Physiology] Heart/ph [Physiology] Human Kidney/ph [Physiology] Liver/ph [Physiology] Lung/ph [Physiology] Muscles/ph [Physiology] Organ Specificity Skin Physiology Skin/ph [Physiology] Spleen/ph [Physiology] Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.f`The dielectric properties of tissues have been extracted from the literature of the past five decades and presented in a graphical format. The purpose is to assess the current state of knowledge, expose the gaps there are and provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of corresponding data from an on-going measurement programme. [References: 64]`YDB - MEDLINE UI - 97092359 IN - Physics Department, King's College, Strand, London, UK JC - p6j, 0401220 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - England PT - Journal Article PT - Review PT - Review, Tutorial LG - English EM - 199703 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199703 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0031-9155eHAhttp://www.iop.org/EJ3-Links/65/Z4QHkAFnZ0UG4juUQ4+haw/m61101.pdf~ \ 522,TNTemperature measurement within myocardium during in vitro RF catheter ablationF?Cao,H Vorperian VR Tsai J-Z Tungjitkusolmun S Woo EJ Webster JG4 2001 2001,&Temperature In Vitro Catheter Ablation<5RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in FileR2+IEEE Transactions on Biomedical EngineeringaSubmitted 2000. Uses thermocouples (.23-.41mm diameter) to measure temperature in vitro. Used saline bath flow system to simulate cardiac blood flow2299231f601g 1990Jan-Febld^Errors between two- and three-dimensional thermal model predictions of hyperthermia treatments 175-91A simulation program to study the three-dimensional temperature distributions produced by hyperthermia in anatomically realistic inhomogenous tissue models has been developed using the bioheat transfer equation. The anatomical data for the inhomogeneous tissues of the human body are entered on a digitizing tablet from serial computed tomography (CT) scans. Power deposition patterns from various heating modalities must be calculated independently. The program has been used to comparatively evaluate two- and three-dimensional simulations in a series of parametric calculations based on a simple inhomogeneous tissue model for uniform power deposition. The conclusions are that two-dimensional simulations always lead to significant errors at the ends of tumors (up to tens of degrees). However, they can give valid results for the central region of large tumors, but only with tumor blood perfusions greater than approximately 1 kg/m3/s. These conclusions from the geometrically simple model are substantiated by the results obtained using the full three-dimensional model for actual patient anatomical simulations. In summary, three-dimensional simulations will be necessary for accurate patient treatment planning. The effect of the thermal conductivity, used in the models, on the temperature field has also been studied. The results show that using any thermal conductivity value in the range of 0.4 to 0.6 W/m/degrees C sufficiently characterizes most soft tissues, especially in the presence of high blood perfusion. However, bone (thermal conductivity of 1.16 W/m/degrees C) and fat (thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/m/degrees C) do not fit this generalization and significant errors result if soft tissue values are used.'zsAerospace & Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Arizona, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724.:4Chen, Z. P. Miller, W. H. Roemer, R. B. Cetas, T. C. 0265-6736 Journal ArticleInt J HyperthermiaBlood Circulation *Computer Simulation Heat/*therapeutic use Human Models, Anatomic Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Temperature Thermal Conductivityjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2299231 524,BWeber,S.M. Jarnagin,W.R. DeMatteo,R.P. Blumgart,L.H. Fong,Y.M. 2000 2000:4analysis ARTERIAL FLOXURIDINE CANCER CARCINOMA colorectal hepatic metastases complications Cryosurgery DETERMINANTS Hepatectomy liver neoplasm liver resection methods METHYL-CCNU Morbidity mortality Multivariate Analysis Prognosis Recurrence SECONDARIES SOUTHWEST ONCOLOGY GROUP UNRESECTABLE LIVER METASTASES643-650"Annals of Surgical Oncology79"Background: Hepatic resection is potentially curative in selected patients with colorectal metastases. It is a widely held practice that multiple colorectal hepatic metastases are not resected, although outcome after removal of four or more metastases is not well defined. Methods: Patients with four or more colorectal hepatic metastases who submitted to resection were identified from a prospective database. Number of metastases was determined by serial sectioning of the gross specimen at the time of resection. Demographic data, tumor characteristics, complications, and survival were analyzed. Results: From August 1985 to September 1998, 155 patients with four or more metastatic tumors (range 4-20) underwent potentially curative resection by extended hepatectomy (39%), lobectomy (42%), or multiple segmental resections (19%). Operative morbidity and mortality were 26% and 1%, respectively. Actuarial 5-year survival was 23% for the entire group (median = 32 months) and there were 12 actual 5-year survivors. On multivariate analysis, only number of hepatic tumors (P =.005) and the presence of a positive margin (P = .003) were independent predictors of poor survival. Conclusions: Hepatic resection in patients with four or more colorectal metastases can achieve long-term survival although the results are less favorable as the number of tumors increases. Number of hepatic metastases alone should not be used as a sole contraindication to resection, but it is clear that the majority of patients will not be cured after resection of multiple lesions~xJournal OCT 362JP ANNALS SURG ONCOLOGY RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 1068-9265589 ISI:000089775100004e^WSurgical treatment and other regional treatments for colorectal cancer liver metastases,Yoon,S.S. Tanabe,K.K.a 1999 1999administration & dosage Antineoplastic Agents Colorectal Neoplasms Cryosurgery drug therapy Human Infusions,Intra-Arterial Liver Liver Neoplasms pathology Radio Waves secondary Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. surgery Survival Analysis therapy United StatesJ(!UI - 99322892 LA - eng RN - 0 (Antineoplastic Agents) PT - Journal Article PT - Review PT - Review, Tutorial ID - CA64454/CA/NCI ID - CA71345/CA/NCI ID - DK43351/DK/NIDDK DA - 19990817 IS - 1083-7159 SB - IM CY - UNITED STATES JC - DD5 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in FileA197-208e Oncologist. 4c3JDThe liver is the most common site of distant metastasis from colorectal cancer. About one-fourth of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer have no other sites of metastasis and can be treated with regional therapies directed toward their liver tumors. Surgical resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases can result in a 24%-38% five-year survival, but only a minority of patients are candidates for resection. Other regional therapies such as cryosurgery, radiofrequency ablation, and hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy may be offered to patients with unresectable but isolated liver metastases. The efficacy of these treatments is still being determined. For most patients with spread of metastatic colorectal cancer beyond the liver, systemic chemotherapy rather than regional therapy is a more appropriate option'NHDepartment of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA115 PM:103945880*Yuan, D. Y. Valvano, J. W. Anderson, G. T.NGMeasurement of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and perfusiont*#Biomedical Sciences Instrumentationr 199329 435-42Animal *Biocompatible Materials Body Temperature Dogs Equipment Design Liver/ph [Physiology] Male *Microcomputers Prostate/ph [Physiology] Spleen/ph [Physiology] Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Thermal Conductivity *ThermometersF@This paper describes an experiment technique for the measurement of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and perfusion using self-heated thermistors. Thermal probes are constructed by placing a miniature thermistor at the tip of a plastic catheter. The volume of tissue over which the measurement occurs depends on the surface area of contact between the thermistor and the tissue. Electrical power is delivered to a spherical thermistor positioned invasively within the tissue of interest. The electrical power and resulting temperature rise are measured by a microcomputer-based instrument. When the tissue is perfused by blood, the thermistor heat is removed both by conduction and by heat transfer due to blood flow near the probe. In vivo, the instrument measures effective thermal properties which are the combination of conductive and convective heat transfer. The accuracy of the conductivity and diffusivity measurements was evaluated by operation of the probe in media of known thermal properties. Perfusion measurements in canine liver, prostate, and spleen are presented. @ ""! #   $ nals CP - England PT - Journal Article PT - Review PT - Review, Tutorial LG - English EM - 199703 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199703 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0031-9155eHAhttp://www.iop.org/EJ3-Links/65/Z4QHkAFnZ0UG4juUQ4+haw/m61101.pdf56681A study of the electrical bio-impedance of tumorsiZTMorimoto,T. Kimura,S. Konishi,Y. Komaki,K. Uyama,T. Monden,Y. Kinouchi,Y. Iritani,T. 1993 1/1993*Breast Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology] *Lung Neopl$Gabriel,S. Lau,R.W. Gabriel,C. 1996tnThe dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues$Physics in Medicine & Biology/4111 2271-2293 11/1996LJCModels dielectric properties across frequency range. Includes liver{ 552T*Electric Conductivity *Electrophysiology/mt [Methods] Adipose Tissue/ph [Physiology] analysis Animal Blood Physiology Blood/ph [Physiology] Bone and Bones/ph [Physiology] Brain/ph [Physiology] Heart/ph [Physiology] Human Kidney/ph [Physiology] Lens,Crystalline/ph [Physiology] Liver/ph [Physiology] Lung/ph [Physiology] Models,Biological Muscles/ph [Physiology] Reproducibility of Results Skin Physiology Skin/ph [Physiology] Spleen/ph [Physiology] Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Tendons/ph [Physiology]HBA parametric model was developed to describe the variation of dielectric properties of tissues as a function of frequency. The experimental spectrum from 10 Hz to 100 GHz was modelled with four dispersion regions. The development of the model was based on recently acquired data, complemented by data surveyed from the literature. The purpose is to enable the prediction of dielectric data that are in line with those contained in the vast body of literature on the subject. The analysis was carried out on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Parameters are given for 17 tissue types>7DB - MEDLINE UI - 97092361 IN - Physics Department, King's College, Strand, London, UK JC - p6j, 0401220 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - England PT - Journal Article LG - English EM - 199703 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199703 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0031-91551HAhttp://www.iop.org/EJ3-Links/88/0svHw7IflpRgbvYD6+MnqA/m61103.pdff  ElectrophysiologyEquipment Design,)Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical dataEvaluation Studies,)Evoked Potentials/drug effects/physiology0,Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/*pharmacology Female Fibroblasts/pa [Pathology] Fibroblasts/ph [Physiology]($Fibrosarcoma/ci [Chemically Induced]Finite Element Analysis Forecasting($Foreign-Body Reaction/pa [Pathology] Freezing HamstersHeadHeart/ph [Physiology]Heat/*therapeutic use Hepatectomy(#Hippocampus/drug effects/physiologyHuman Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationHyperthermia, InducedHypothermia,Induced83Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation In Vitrou Incidence InfantInfusions,Intra-Arterial Injections, Intraventricular injuriesKainic Acid/*pharmacology KidneyKidney/ph [Physiology] Lasers$ Lens,Crystalline/ph [Physiology]Liver,&Liver Diseases/ci [Chemically Induced] Liver Diseases/et [Etiology] Liver Diseases/pa [Pathology]liver neoplasmLiver Neoplasms$Liver Neoplasms/mo [Mortality]<7Liver Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*secondary/*surgery Liver Neoplasms/th [Therapy]liver resectionLiver/me [Metabolism]Liver/ph [Physiology]Lung("Lung Diseases/pp [Physiopathology] Lung Neoplasms/di [Diagnosis]Lung/ph [Physiology] Macrophages/pa [Pathology] Macrophages/ph [Physiology]0+Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*instrumentation(#Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methodsMale MathematicsMeat methods METHYL-CCNUMethylcholanthrenePhyMiceyMice,Inbred C57BLMice,Inbred StrainshyMicroelectrodesai Middle AgeModels, AnatomicModels, TheoreticalModels,Biological0,Monitoring, Physiologic/is [Instrumentation] Morbidity mortalityMultivariate AnalysisMuscles/blood supplyMuscles/ph [Physiology] Necrosis Negroid Race,(Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/*epidemiologyNeoplasm Transplantation0-Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply/*therapy4.Neoplasms,Experimental/ci [Chemically Induced]0+Neoplasms,Experimental/pp [Physiopathology]ed$!Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortalityNeoplasms/*therapyOrgan SpecificityOvary/ph [Physiology] Oxygen/bloodPartial Pressure pathologyPatient Selection PerfusionPredictive Value of Tests PrognosisProspective StudiesProstate/ph [Physiology] Rabbits Radio WavesRats Rats, Wistar RecurrenceRegional Blood Flow Registries Reproducibility of Results Rheology SECONDARIES secondary SEER ProgramSheep,&Skin Neoplasms/ci [Chemically Induced]logSkin PhysiologySkin/blood supplySkin/ph [Physiology] Snakes SoftwareSOUTHWEST ONCOLOGY GROUPSpleen/ph [Physiology]Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. surgerySurgical InstrumentsSurvival Analysis Survival RateSwine$!Synaptic Transmission/*physiology TemperatureTendons/ph [Physiology] TerminologyTestis/ph [Physiology] therapyThermal Conductivity Thyroid Gland/ph [Physiology] Time FactorsoTongue/ph [Physiology] TransducersTreatment OutcomeUltrasonography United States United States/epidemiology UNRESECTABLE LIVER METASTASES,&Uterine Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology]$Uterine Neoplasms/th [Therapy]Uterus/ph [Physiology]Water("Whites/statistics & numerical data 3657109 1093 1987 AugNHA comparative analysis of thermal blood perfusion measurement techniques 218-25rlThe object of this study was to devise a unified method for comparing different thermal techniques for the estimation of blood perfusion rates and to perform a comparison for several common techniques. The approach used was to develop analytical models for the temperature response for all combinations of five power deposition geometries (spherical, one- and two-dimensional cylindrical, and one- and two-dimensional Gaussian) and three transient heating techniques (temperature pulse-decay, temperature step function, and constant-power heat-up) plus one steady-state heating technique. The transient models were used to determine the range of times (the time window) when a significant portion of the transient temperature response was due to blood perfusion. This time window was defined to begin when the difference between the conduction-only and the conduction-plus-blood flow transient temperature (or power) responses exceeded a specified value, and to end when the conduction-plus-blood flow transient temperature (or power) reached a specified fraction of its steady-state value. The results are summarized in dimensionless plots showing the size of the time windows for each of the transient perfusion estimation techniques. Several conclusions were drawn, in particular: (a) low perfusions are difficult to estimate because of the dominance of conduction, (b) large heated regions are better suited for estimation of low perfusions, (c) noninvasive heating techniques are superior because they have the potential to minimize conduction effects, and (d) none of the transient techniques appears to be clearly superior to the others.'pjAerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724.Kress, R. Roemer, R. 0148-0731 Journal Article J Biomech EngBiophysics *Blood Circulation Comparative Study *Heat *Models, Cardiovascular Models, Theoretical Regional Blood Flow Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Thermal Conductivityjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=365710910200775491 1999Jan-FebCancer statistics, 19998-31, 1The Surveillance Research Program of the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research reports its 33rd annual compilation of cancer frequency, incidence, mortality, and survival data for the United States.e'f`Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.60Landis, S. H. Murray, T. Bolden, S. Wingo, P. A. 0007-9235 Journal Article2CA Cancer J ClinXRAdolescence Aged American Cancer Society Blacks/statistics & numerical data Caucasoid Race Child Child, Preschool Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data Female Forecasting Human Incidence Infant Male Negroid Race Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortality SEER Program Survival Rate United States/epidemiology Whites/statistics & numerical datalehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=102007756/Liang, X. G. Ge, X. S. Zhang, Y. P. Wang, G. J.PTNA convenient method of measuring the thermal conductivity of biological tissue$Physics in Medicine & Biologyt 199136121599-605^WAdipose Tissue Animal Head Kidney Liver Meat Methods Snakes Swine *Thermal ConductivitypztThe basic principle of the thermal conductivity probe is described. Thin probes were developed based on this principle, with a reproducibility of 5.3% and relative error less than 6.0%. Each measurement can be completed in 90 s and the temperature increase can be controlled within 2 degrees C. Using the probes, the thermal conductivities of pig fat, meat, liver, kidney and live and dead snake head were measured and it was found that water content plays an important role in influencing the magnitude of the thermal conductivity of biological tissues. The probe can be used over a temperature range from -40 to 150 degrees C. 56681A study of the electrical bio-impedance of tumorsiZTMorimoto,T. Kimura,S. Konishi,Y. Komaki,K. Uyama,T. Monden,Y. Kinouchi,Y. Iritani,T. 1993 1/1993*Breast Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology] *Lung Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology] Breast Neoplasms/di [Diagnosis] diagnosis Electric Impedance Female Human Lung Lung Diseases/pp [Physiopathology] Lung Neoplasms/di [Diagnosis] United States0 25-32 & Journal of Investigative Surgery61ZTBreast and Lung Ca have differences in resistance and capacitance than normal tissueF@A new system of impedance measurement over a frequency range of 0 to 200 kHz was developed by a three-electrode method. In this study, the electrical impedances of various tumors were measured in vivo in 54 patients with breast disease (31 breast cancers, 13 fibroadenomas, and 10 fibrocystic diseases) and 57 patients with pulmonary disease (44 lung cancers, 5 metastatic pulmonary tumors, 4 pulmonary tuberculoses, and 4 organized pneumonias). On the basis of those impedance measurements and the equivalent circuits in vivo, we calculated the extracellular resistance (Re), intracellular fluid resistance (Ri), and cell membrane capacitance (Cm) in tissues, all of which were compared among the various diseases. It was found that Re and Ri were significantly higher in breast cancers than in benign tumors and normal breast tissues and that Cm was significantly lower in breast cancers than in other tissues. On the other hand, Re and Ri were significantly higher, and Cm was significantly lower, in normal lung tissues than in pulmonary masses. Re and Ri were significantly higher, and Cm was significantly lower, in malignant tumors than in organized pneumonias. The results showed that these parameters (Re, Ri, and Cm) exhibit significant differences among various tissues and tumors, suggesting possible applications in tumor diagnosisRKDB - MEDLINE UI - 93200074 IN - School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan JC - aza, AZA, AZA, 8809255 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - United States PT - Journal Article LG - English EM - 199304 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199304 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0894-1939s 6467226r4410 Suppl 1984 Oct4PIEffect of local hyperthermia on blood flow and microenvironment: a review 4721s-4730siThe blood flow in tumors varies considerably among different tumor types. Even in the same tumor, the distribution of vasculature and blood flow is quite heterogeneous. The tumor blood flow generally decreases as the tumors grow larger, owing partially to progressive deterioration of vascular beds and to the rapid growth of tumor cell population relative to vascular beds. Contrary to the general notion that blood flow is less in tumors than in normal tissues, blood flow in many tumors, particularly in small tumors, is actually greater than that in surrounding normal tissues at normothermic conditions. Compared to the normal tissue blood flow, however, the capacity of tumor blood flow to increase upon heating appears to be rather limited. Consequently, the heat dissipation by blood flow in tumors is slower than that in normal tissues, and thus the temperature of tumor rises higher than that in normal tissue during heating. Preferential heating of tumors, however, may not be achieved all the time because the relative blood perfusion in some tumors remains greater than that in the surrounding normal tissues despite the profound increase in normal tissue blood flow during heating. The vasculature in tumor can be significantly damaged at temperatures which may alter but do not damage the vasculature of normal tissue. Upon heating, the intratumor environment becomes acidic, hypoxic, and nutritionally deprived due probably to vascular damage. Such a suboptimal environment in the heated tumors potentiates the response of tumor cells to hyperthermia, inhibits the repair of thermal damage, and also interferes with the development of thermal tolerance. The acidic environment also appears to potentiate the response of tumor cells to certain drugs at elevated temperatures. The changes in oxygenation of tumors and normal tissues caused by the changes in blood flow may have significant implications in the effectiveness of different sequences of hyperthermia and radiotherapy in the combined use of these two modalities. Changes in the distribution of drugs in tumors and normal tissues due to changes in blood flow will also determine the optimal use of hyperthermia in conjunction with chemotherapy. Song, C. W. 0008-5472 Journal Article Cancer ResAnimal Blood Cell Survival Hydrogen-Ion Concentration *Hyperthermia, Induced Mice Muscles/blood supply Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply/*therapy Oxygen/blood Partial Pressure Rats *Regional Blood Flow Skin/blood supply Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.jdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6467226postmortem liver resistivity 2001yMedical and Biological Engineering and Computing. Submitted 2000. In vivo, Pringle, and ex vivo pig liver. Plunge electrodes. Measurements at 9 points from 1Hz to 1MHz, 30s acquisition time. Resistivity decreases with frequency. Low frequency (<100 kHz) resistivity increases with Pringle and further increases with first 11 minutes after excision, then declines after 5 hours. 574 LiverD>RefMgr field[1]: Unpublished Work RefMgr field[8]: Not in Filep Rosenberg, SA. 199782Principles of Cancer Management: Surgical Oncology  Devita, VT.1:3Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed  Philadelphia "Lippincott-Raven Publishers 561^WLiver cell necrosis: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. [Review] [263 refs]Rosser,B.G. Gores,G.J. 1995 1/1995*Liver/pa [Pathology] Animal Cell Death Human injuries Liver Liver Diseases/ci [Chemically Induced] Liver Diseases/et [Etiology] Liver Diseases/pa [Pathology] Liver/me [Metabolism] Necrosis secondary Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. Terminology therapy United States252-275Gastroenterology 1081yMitochondrial abnormalities precede necrosis in ischemic cell death. Basis for mitochondrial stains to assess cell death.Based on our current understanding, we have developed a provisional model for hepatocyte necrosis that may be applicable to cell necrosis in general (Figure 6). Damage to mitochondria appears to be a key early event in the progression to necrosis. At least two pathways may be involved. In the first, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of the MMPT leads to ATP depletion, ion dysregulation, and enhanced degradative hydrolase activity. If oxygen is present, toxic oxygen species may be generated and lipid peroxidation can occur. Subsequent cytoskeleton and plasma membrane damage result in plasma membrane bleb formation. These steps are reversible if the insult to the cell is removed. However, if injury continues, bleb rupture and cell lysis occur. In the second pathway, mitochondrial damage results in an MMPT. This step is irreversible and leads to cell death by as yet uncertain mechanisms. It is important to note that MMPT may occur secondary to changes in the first pathway (e.g. oxidative stress, increased Cai2+, and ATP depletion) and that all the "downstream events" occurring in the first pathway may result from MMPT (e.g., ATP depletion, ion dysregulation, or hydrolase activation). Proof of this model's applicability to cell necrosis in general awaits further validation. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the advances in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of necrotic injury. Recent advances in this understanding have allowed scientists and clinicians a better comprehension of liver pathophysiology. This knowledge has provided new avenues of therapy and played a key role in the practice of hepatology as evidenced by advances in organ preservation. Understanding the early reversible events leading to cellular and subcellular damage will be key to prevention and treatment of liver disease. Hopefully, disease and injury specific preventive or pharmacological strategies can be developed based on this expanding data base. [References: 263]pDB - MEDLINE UI - 95104643 IN - Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota JC - fh3, 0374630 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - United States PT - Journal Article PT - Review PT - Review, Tutorial LG - English NO - DK 41876 (NIDDK) EM - 199502 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199502 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0016-5085o6547421106 1984 Jun2,Thermal dose determination in cancer therapy787-800With the rapid development of clinical hyperthermia for the treatment of cancer either alone or in conjunction with other modalities, a means of measuring a thermal dose in terms which are clinically relevant to the biological effect is needed. A comparison of published data empirically suggests a basic relationship that may be used to calculate a "thermal dose." From a knowledge of the temperature during treatment as a function of time combined with a mathematical description of the time-temperature relationship, an estimate of the actual treatment calculated as an exposure time at some reference temperature can be determined. This could be of great benefit in providing a real-time accumulated dose during actual patient treatment. For the purpose of this study, a reference temperature of 43 degrees C has been arbitrarily chosen to convert all thermal exposures to "equivalent-minutes" at this temperature. This dose calculation can be compared to an integrated calculation of the "degree-minutes" to determine its prognostic ability. The time-temperature relationship upon which this equivalent dose calculation is based does not predict, nor does it require, that different tissues have the same sensitivity to heat. A computer program written in FORTRAN is included for performing calculations of both equivalent-minutes (t43) and degree-minutes (tdm43). Means are provided to alter the reference temperature, the Arrhenius "break" temperature and the time-temperature relationship both above and below the "break" temperature. In addition, the effect of factors such as step-down heating, thermotolerance, and physiological conditions on thermal dose calculations are discussed. The equations and methods described in this report are not intended to represent the only approach for thermal dose estimation; instead, they are intended to provide a simple but effective means for such calculations for clinical use and to stimulate efforts to evaluate data in terms of therapeutically useful thermal units."Sapareto, S. A. Dewey, W. C. 0360-3016 Journal Article"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol PhysBody Temperature Human Hydrogen-Ion Concentration *Hyperthermia, Induced Neoplasms/*therapy Software Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Temperature Time Factorsjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=6547421 571HBDielectric properties of VX-2 carcinoma versus normal liver tissue& Smith,S.R. Foster,K.R. Wolf,G.L. 1986 5/1986*Liver Neoplasms,Experimental/pp [Physiopathology] *Liver/ph [Physiology] Animal Cell Line Comparative Study Electric Conductivity Electric Stimulation Liver Male Rabbits Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S. Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. United States522-524.2+IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineeringa3358tnVX-2 rabbit model of liver tumor, ex vivo. Resistance and conductivity higher in tumors at lower frequencies.("DB - MEDLINE UI - 86222365 JC - gfx, GFX, GFX, 0012737 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - United States PT - Journal Article LG - English NO - CA 26046-06 (NCI) EM - 198606 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 198606 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0018-9294 "11025517444 2000 Oct|vSpecific absorption rate study for radiofrequency current density imaging using a two-dimensional finite element model 610-5Radiofrequency current density imaging is an MR technique that images tissue conductivity contrast. Compared to conventional MRI, RF-CDI uses two additional sources of RF power to be absorbed and that must be evaluated in terms of proper parameter optimization to prevent excessive tissue heating and effects on the nervous system. In view of possible future clinical use of RF-CDI, a simple 2D finite element model of a rat brain was built to simulate current density distribution and distribution of absorbed RF power, i.e., SAR and related tissue heating. Current density in the rat brain was also evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in an in vivo RF-CDI experiment. The results demonstrate that a numerical model can predict SAR and tissue temperature changes. The study also shows that substantial sensitivity and resolution of RF-CDI can be achieved using imaging parameters that produce SAR and temperature changes within allowed limits.'2,Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia.(!Beravs, K. Frangez, R. Demsar, F. 0740-3194 Journal ArticleMagn Reson MedAnimal Brain/anatomy & histology Finite Element Analysis Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods Male Models, Theoretical Radio Waves Rats Rats, Wistarlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1102551782394618 192h 1990 Augt~Time-temperature analysis of cell killing of BHK cells heated at temperatures in the range of 43.5 degrees C to 57.0 degrees C 389-99Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were heated at temperatures in the range of 43.5 degrees C to 57.0 degrees C to determine the time-temperature relationship of cell killing. The cells were grown on 0.025 mm thick pieces of mylar to minimize warm-up times. After heating, the cells were plated for the colony formation assay. The endpoints of 1%, 10%, or 90% isosurvival, or the D0 values of the survival curves were used to construct plots of the logarithm of the reciprocol of the exposure time versus the reciprocol of the absolute temperature. The data for each endpoint resulted in a straight line plot, indicating that the time-temperature relationship for cell killing remained constant from 43.5 degrees C to 57.0 degrees C; namely, a 1.8-fold increase in exposure time was required for a 1 degree C decrease in temperature in order to obtain isosurvival. Heated BHK cells were also examined using electron microscopy. The threshold level of altered morphology was the dissociation of polyribosomal structure and the formation of electron-dense granules within the mitochondria. The time-temperature relationship for the induction of this altered morphology was identical to that for the 90% isosurvival endpoint. Hence, the appearance of altered morphology appears to be related to cell killing.'\VRadiation Oncology Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco 94143.>8Borrelli, M. J. Thompson, L. L. Cain, C. A. Dewey, W. C. 0360-3016 Journal Article"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol PhyspjAnimal Cell Line *Cell Survival Hamsters *Heat Kidney Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Temperature Time Factorsjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2394618("Cance,W.G. Stewart,A.K. Menck,H.R. 2000The National Cancer Data Base Report on treatment patterns for hepatocellular carcinomas: improved survival of surgically resected patients, 1985-1996 Cancer884e912-920k 2/15/2000  223 *Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/su [Surgery] *Liver Neoplasms/su [Surgery] Adult Aged Aged,80 and over Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/mo [Mortality] Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/th [Therapy] Combined Modality Therapy Cryotherapy Databases,Factual diagnosis Female Human Liver Liver Neoplasms/mo [Mortality] Liver Neoplasms/th [Therapy] Male methods Middle Age Prognosis Prospective Studies surgery Survival Rate therapy United States RegistriesBACKGROUND: The Commission on Cancer data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) has previously reported data evaluating time trends in various cancers, including such elements as stage of disease at diagnosis, treatment, and survival for multiple tumor sites. In this report, data collected from 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996 for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors are presented. METHODS: The data presented in this review were collected from hospital cancer registries from across the U.S. Eight calls for data have yielded a total 6.9 million cases for the years 1985-1996, including 1158 HCC cases in 1985-1986, 3319 cases in 1990-1991, and 5683 cases in 1994-1995 from hospital cancer registries across the U. S. These data represent approximately 4.3%, 11.2%, and 14.8% of the estimated cases of carcinomas of the liver and biliary tract diagnosed in the U.S. in each of the three respective time periods. RESULTS: The outcome for patients diagnosed with HCC remains poor, with only 10% of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I disease surviving 5 years. Approximately 50% of patients received no therapy for their HCC, even those with early stage disease. Over these three time periods, the use of chemotherapy appears to have decreased. Among patients diagnosed with Stage II and III disease a difference in survival was noted between those treated with surgery only and those treated with chemotherapy only. Women appear to have a limited survival advantage over men. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of an overall poor prognosis, subsets of patients with HCC appear to benefit from surgical resection/ablation of their tumor. The decreasing use of chemotherapy and the early reports of newer ablative techniques (e.g., cryotherapy) suggest that other treatment modalities are emerging. These NCDB data provide a baseline for HCC treatment from which prospective studies are being developed to assess the newer treatments as well as the underlying causes. Copyright 2000 American Cancer SocietypjDB - MEDLINE UI - 20145718 IN - Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA JC - clz, CLZ, CLZ, 0374236 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - United States PT - Journal Article LG - English EM - 20000308 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 20000308 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0008-543XVOhttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/75504492/FILE?TPL=ftx_startj 11577478511. 2001Jan-Feb0Cancer statistics, 2001t 15-36tEach year the American Cancer Society compiles estimates of the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the US in the current year and the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. An estimated 1,268,000 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in the year 2001 and an estimated 553,400 Americans will die from cancer. Overall cancer incidence and death rates have continued to decrease in men and women since the early 1990s, and the decline in overall cancer mortality has been greater in recent years. Despite reductions in age-adjusted rates of cancer death, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the US continues to increase, due to an aging and expanding population. Large disparities in cancer incidence and mortality across racial/ethnic groups continue. Black men and women experience higher incidence of cancer and poorer survival than white men and women. The disparity in survival reflects both diagnosis of cancer at later disease stages, and poorer survival within each stage of diagnosis.'f`Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.<6Greenlee, R. T. Hill-Harmon, M. B. Murray, T. Thun, M. 0007-9235 Journal ArticleCA Cancer J Clinlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11577478 564<5Electrical properties of implant encapsulation tissueGrill,W.M. Mortimer,J.T. 1994 1/1994*Electrodes,Implanted/ae [Adverse Effects] *Foreign-Body Reaction/et [Etiology] *Foreign-Body Reaction/pp [Physiopathology] 9007-34-5 (Collagen) Adult Animal Cats Chronic Disease Collagen/ph [Physiology] Electric Conductivity Electric Impedance Electrodes Electrophysiology Evaluation Studies Fibroblasts/pa [Pathology] Fibroblasts/ph [Physiology] Foreign-Body Reaction/pa [Pathology] In Vitro Macrophages/pa [Pathology] Macrophages/ph [Physiology] Support,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S. United States 23-33& Annals of Biomedical Engineering2214-resistivity of different types of scar tissue,%The purpose of this study was to determine the electrical properties of the encapsulation tissue that surrounds electrodes chronically implanted in the body. Two four-electrode arrays, fabricated from either epoxy or silicone rubber, were implanted in each of six adult cats for 82 to 156 days. In vivo measurements of tissue resistivity using the four-electrode technique indicated that formation of the encapsulation tissue resulted in a significant increase in the resistivity of the tissue around the arrays. In vitro measurements of tissue impedance using a four-electrode cell indicated that the resistivity of the encapsulation tissue was a function of the tissue morphology. The tight layers of fibroblasts and collagen that formed around the silicone rubber arrays had a resistivity of 627 +/- 108 omega-cm (mean +/- SD; n = 6), which was independent of frequency from 10 Hz to 100 kHz, and was significantly larger than the resistivity of the epoxy encapsulation tissue at all frequencies between 20 Hz and 100 kHz. The combination of macrophages, foreign body giant cells, loose collagen, and fibroblasts that formed around the epoxy arrays had a frequency-dependent resistivity that decreased from 454 +/- 123 omega-cm (n = 5) to 193 +/- 98 omega-cm between 10 Hz and 1 kHz, and was independent of frequency between 1 kHz and 100 kHz, with a mean value of 195 +/- 88 omega-cm. The results indicate that the resistivity of the encapsulation tissue is sufficient to alter the shape and magnitude of the electric field generated by chronically implanted electrodesDB - MEDLINE UI - 94338036 IN - Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4912 JC - 4zx, 0361512 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - United States PT - Journal Article LG - English NO - GM-07535 (NIGMS), NS-26474 (NINDS) EM - 199409 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 199409 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0090-6964LFD Haemmerich OR Ozkan J-Z Tsai ST Staelin S Tungjitkusolmun JG Webster 2001.(In vivo and postmortem liver resistivity 2001yMedical and Biological Engineering and Computing. Submitted 2000. In vivo, Pringle, and ex vivo pig liver. Plunge electrodes. Measurements at 9 points from 1Hz to 1MHz, 30s acquisition time. Resistivity decreases with frequency. Low frequency (<100 kHz) resistivity increases with Pringle and further increases with first 11 minutes after excision, then declines after 5 hours. 574 LiverD>RefMgr field[1]: Unpublished Work RefMgr field[8]: Not in File\2965514 254 4 Pt 1 1988 Apr>7Laser-Doppler flowmetry for estimating liver blood flow G471-681Whether laser-Doppler flow2965514 254 4 Pt 1 1988 Apr>7Laser-Doppler flowmetry for estimating liver blood flow G471-681Whether laser-Doppler flowmetry can be used to monitor liver blood flow was evaluated in a porcine model in which portal venous blood flow was followed indirectly by electromagnetic flowmetry applied to the superior mesenteric artery, and total hepatic venous outflow was measured directly by using an extracorporeal circuit. Hepatic venous outflow at rest was 23.5 +/- 5.7 ml.kg body wt-1.min-1. Occlusion of the hepatic arterial supply reduced hepatic laser-Doppler blood flow to 22%, but hepatic venous outflow only to 80%. Portal venous blood flow remained unchanged or increased slightly. Occlusion of the portal vein, on the other hand, decreased hepatic laser-Doppler blood flow values to 37% and hepatic venous outflow to 13%. Increased hepatic venous outflow pressure, caused by a positive end-expiratory pressure or elevation of the draining cannula, reduced flow and caused approximately equal changes in the three variables, as did reduced flow by step-wise bleeding. From these experiments in the pig it is concluded that laser-Doppler flowmetry on the liver surface clearly reflects relative changes of the total liver blood flow, as exemplified in this study, during venous stasis and bleeding. The technique is, however, more sensitive to blood flow changes in the hepatic artery as compared with the portal vein.'VODepartment of General Surgery, Lund University, Malmo General Hospital, Sweden.,&Arvidsson, D. Svensson, H. Haglund, U. 0002-9513 Journal Article Am J Physiol{Animal *Blood Flow Velocity Blood Pressure Lasers *Liver Circulation Rheology Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Swine Ultrasonographyjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2965514!2965514 254 4 Pt 1 1988 Apr>7Laser-Doppler flowmetry for estimating liver blood flow G471-681Whether laser-Doppler flowmetry can be used to monitor liver blood flow was evaluated in a porcine model10398959421o 1999 JulyNGRadiofrequency current density imaging of kainate-evoked depolarization 136-40The purpose of this study was to examine whether radiofrequency current density imaging (RF-CDI) can quantitatively monitor depolarizations evoked by excitatory amino acids in a rat's brain. To evoke depolarization, a glutamate receptor agonist, kainate, was administered into the right lateral ventricle. First, electroencephalographic activity was recorded in a basal condition and after the application of kainate. Complex behavioral patterns were observed. Second, impedance measurements were performed to assess the change in conductivity of the brain due to kainate at the Larmor frequency of the imager. Calculated changes were about 17%. Third, a set of current density images was obtained with RF-CDI before and after the administration of kainate. Kainate-induced excitatory changes were observed on current density images as brighter regions, mainly in the hippocampal area compared with the same area in the basal condition.'2,Institute Jozef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia.6/Beravs, K. Frangez, R. Gerkis, A. N. Demsar, F. 0740-3194 Journal ArticleMagn Reson MedAnimal Brain/*drug effects/physiology Brain Mapping/instrumentation Electroencephalography/drug effects/*instrumentation Evoked Potentials/drug effects/physiology Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/*pharmacology Hippocampus/drug effects/physiology Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation Injections, Intraventricular Kainic Acid/*pharmacology Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*instrumentation Male Rats Rats, Wistar Synaptic Transmission/*physiologynlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10398959yl,S. Lau,R.W. Gabriel,C. 1996nhThe dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz$Physics in Medicine & Biology4111RKDelhomme, G. Newman, W. H. Roussel, B. Jouvet, M. Bowman, H. F. Dittmar, A.R{Thermal diffusion probe and instrument system for tissue blood flow measurements: validation in phantoms and in vivo organs2+IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 1994417 656-62Animal *Body Temperature/ph [Physiology] Calibration Cats *Cerebrovascular Circulation Dogs Equipment Design Female *Hemorheology/is [Instrumentation] Human Hyperthermia, Induced In Vitro *Liver/bs [Blood Supply] *Models, Structural Monitoring, Physiologic/is [Instrumentation] Perfusion Regional Blood Flow Thermal Conductivity *Thermometers Transducers Uterine Neoplasms/pp [Physiopathology] Uterine Neoplasms/th [Therapy]6/A minimally invasive probe and instrument system for real-time measurements of temperature, thermal conductivity and tissue blood flow has been designed for research and clinical use. The essence of the probe is a thermistor, located at the tip of catheters or glass and steel needles, and operating in transient self-heated mode at constant temperature increment. Thermal conductivity and tissue blood flow are determined by use of a coupled tissue-probe thermal model. The effects of temporal baseline temperature shifts are minimized by a novel, automatic, analog compensation circuit. Very short heating periods (3 s) and cooling periods (12 s) provided near-continuous measurements (4/min). Calibration experiments performed in media of known thermal conductivity exhibit a linear response with respect to thermal conductivity. In vitro experiments performed in isolated perfused dog liver preparations are presented to evaluate this instrument system. In vivo experiments performed in cat brain, dog liver, and human tumor demonstrate the ability of this instrument system to perform physiologically valid measurements (comparison inter-subjects and intra-subjects). The minimally invasive probes (0.8 mm OD) are capable of long term measurements (several months), with minimal tissue reactions (0.3 mm around the probe). FDAS 1998|vGuidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators. http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/devices.html#risk 60Office of Science Coordination and Communication 20015/21/01c81http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/devices.html#risk|Jelectric prope 580wElectrical properties of a rat colon cancer model and their implication for radiofrequency ablation of liver metastasesmVPStaelin ST Haemmerich D Tungjitkusolmun S Leverson G Warner T Webster JG Mahvi D 2001 2001 LivernD>RefMgr field[1]: Unpublished Work RefMgr field[8]: Not in FileTumor has lower resistivity than normal liver, especially at lower frequencies. Effect increases with tumor size and tumor necrosis. FEM shows larger, hotter lesions in 10-50kHz range. 572cb\Radiofrequency dielectric properties of animal tissues as a function of time following death("Surowiec,A. Stuchly,S.S. Swarup,A. 198510/1985p*Postmortem Changes Animal Brain/ph [Physiology] Cats Cattle Dogs Electromagnetic Fields Kidney Kidney/ph [Physiology] Liver Liver/ph [Physiology] Spleen/ph [Physiology] Support,Non-U.S.Gov't Swine6 1131-1141r$Physics in Medicine & Biology3010rkLiver has little change in dielectric properties in first 10 hours after death. Did not measure resistivityThe dielectric properties of three bovine tissues, liver, kidney and spleen, as a function of time following death, were measured in the frequency range from 20 kHz to 100 MHz using an automatic network analyser and an end-of-the-line sensor. The dielectric constant of kidney and spleen decreases as a function of time following death, particularly at frequencies below 1 MHz. However, all tissues measured show a characteristic increase in the frequency-independent ionic conductivity. This is believed to reflect changes in the conductivity of the extracellular region of tissues after death. The dielectric parameters, i.e. the static dielectric constant, the relaxation time and the coefficient of the relaxation time distribution, obtained by a curve-fitting process, do not change within the first 10 h following death in the case of liver, whereas early changes occur for both kidney and spleen. High initial values of the static dielectric constant for these tissues decrease significantly within a few hours following death. Similarly, the relaxation time which is relatively long for kidney and spleen, as compared with liver, decreases with time. Our data compare favourably with those reported by several investigators for similar tissues in other species (dog, cat, swine and cattle)iDB - MEDLINE UI - 86068379 JC - p6j, 0401220 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - England PT - Journal Article LG - English EM - 198512 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 198512 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0031-9155]795-807$://A1992KC56900008@:Surowiec, A. Shrivastava, P. N. Astrahan, M. Petrovich, Z.d]Utilization of a Multilayer Polyacrylamide Phantom for Evaluation of Hyperthermia Applicators ,%International Journal of HyperthermiaInt. J. Hyperthermia 1992Nov-Dec86KC569 INT J HYPERTHERPISI:A1992KC56900008A% . 223The National Cancer Data Base Report on treatment patterns for hepatocellular carcinomas: improved survival of surgically resected patients, 1985-1996("Cance,W.G. Stewart,A.K. Menck,H.R. 2000 2/15/2000o*Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/su [Surgery] *Liver Neoplasms/su [Surgery] Adult Aged Aged,80 and over Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/mo [Mortality] Carcinoma,Hepatocellular/th [Therapy] Combined Modality Therapy Cryotherapy Databases,Factual diagnosis Female Human Liver Liver Neoplasms/mo [Mortality] Liver Neoplasms/th [Therapy] Male methods Middle Age Prognosis Prospective Studies surgery Survival Rate therapy United States Registries912-9208 Cancer884eBACKGROUND: The Commission on Cancer data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) has previously reported data evaluating time trends in various cancers, including such elements as stage of disease at diagnosis, treatment, and survival for multiple tumor sites. In this report, data collected from 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996 for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors are presented. METHODS: The data presented in this review were collected from hospital cancer registries from across the U.S. Eight calls for data have yielded a total 6.9 million cases for the years 1985-1996, including 1158 HCC cases in 1985-1986, 3319 cases in 1990-1991, and 5683 cases in 1994-1995 from hospital cancer registries across the U. S. These data represent approximately 4.3%, 11.2%, and 14.8% of the estimated cases of carcinomas of the liver and biliary tract diagnosed in the U.S. in each of the three respective time periods. RESULTS: The outcome for patients diagnosed with HCC remains poor, with only 10% of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I disease surviving 5 years. Approximately 50% of patients received no therapy for their HCC, even those with early stage disease. Over these three time periods, the use of chemotherapy appears to have decreased. Among patients diagnosed with Stage II and III disease a difference in survival was noted between those treated with surgery only and those treated with chemotherapy only. Women appear to have a limited survival advantage over men. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of an overall poor prognosis, subsets of patients with HCC appear to benefit from surgical resection/ablation of their tumor. The decreasing use of chemotherapy and the early reports of newer ablative techniques (e.g., cryotherapy) suggest that other treatment modalities are emerging. These NCDB data provide a baseline for HCC treatment from which prospective studies are being developed to assess the newer treatments as well as the underlying causes. Copyright 2000 American Cancer SocietypjDB - MEDLINE UI - 20145718 IN - Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA JC - clz, CLZ, CLZ, 0374236 Journal Subset AIM Journals CP - United States PT - Journal Article LG - English EM - 20000308 Revised: 20001218. Entry Week: 20000308 RefMgr field[1]: Journal RefMgr field[8]: Not in File RefMgr field[26]: 0008-543X